Post-translational modification is one of the factors affecting the properties of microtubule polymers. CD BioSciences is committed to developing cutting-edge microtubule post-translational modification detection services, and has established a mature PTMs detection platform to provide high-quality protein modification-related services according to customer needs.
Post-translational Modifications of Microtubules
Microtubules play important roles in many cellular processes, including intracellular transport, cell motility, and chromosome segregation during cell division. In addition, microtubule duplexes or triplexes form scaffolds for cilia, centrioles and basal bodies, respectively. In order to perform such diverse functions, microtubule properties must differ. Post-translational modifications are one of the factors that influence the properties of microtubule protein polymers.
The distribution of the polyamination sites in α, β-tubulin heterodimer [1].
Various Types of PTMs of Microtubules
Post-translational modifications of microtubule proteins provide the material basis for both the diversification of microtubule function and the mechanisms of multiple physiological environmental regulation. Such post-translational modifications of microtubules are essential for the regulation of microtubule properties and functions.
- Polyamidations: Polyaminylated microtubule is abundant in the axons of neuronal cells, but only present at low levels in non-neuronal cells. In vitro, both free microtubule heterodimers and microtubule heterodimers bound to microtubules can be modified by transglutaminase.
- Acetylation: Acetylation is a highly evolutionarily conserved microtubule protein modification in which acetylation begins at the microtubule ends during microtubule growth and the acetylated fragment expands with microtubule elongation and enzymatic diffusion.
- Methylation: In mitotic cells, α-tubulin of the central spindle, but not astral microtubules, is modified by trimethylation at the K40 by SET-domain-containing 2 (SETD2) methyltransferase.
- Phosphorylation: Numerous studies have shown that both α- and β-microtubule can be phosphorylated on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues. However, the physiological significance of microtubule phosphorylation has rarely been elucidated.
- Tyrosination: A tyrosine residue is the most frequent gene encoded final amino acid residue on the α-tubulin C-terminal end. This residue can be removed from α-tubulin incorporated into microtubules by an unknown carboxypeptidase, leading to the formation of so-called Glu-tubulin.
- Glutamylation: Glycylation and glutamylation are polymeric modifications that consist of one or more glycyl or glutamyl residues, respectively, ligated to the glutamic acid residues within the C-terminal tail of both α- and β-tubulin.
- Glycosylation: Glycosylation is one of the least studied post-translational modifications of microtubule proteins. Only microtubules of cilia and flagella are glycosylated, and glycosylation may be essential for cilia and flagella to function properly.
Our Services
Common microtubule protein modifications in organisms include phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, etc. CD BioSciences provides the most comprehensive services for post-translational modifications of microtubule proteins Through strict monitoring and effective execution, we are committed to providing the most valuable solutions to complete your project.
- Detection of Microtubule Protein PTM
Post-translational modifications of proteins play a very important role in living organisms. We provide comprehensive microtubule protein PTMs detection services, including phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, polyamidation, etc. Through mass spectrometry and enrichment processing, we can detect various types of post-translational modified proteins in large throughput.
- Identification of Protein Profile through LC-MS/MS
Protein profiling is a bottom-up proteomics approach that uses mass spectrometry as the core technology to identify protein species in samples. It is the main technique for large-scale protein research because of its high throughput and high sensitivity, which integrates special sample processing, mass spectrometry identification and data analysis. We provide a one-stop service for sample processing, onboard analysis, data analysis and project reporting, and are committed to helping our clients complete their actin-related studies.
Process of LC-MS/MS
- PTM Detection of Microtubules from Different Species
Biological variation among species and individuals is what shapes biodiversity on Earth. Earth. We provide microtubule protein PTMs detection services for model organisms, including mouse, rabbit, chicken, cow, guinea pig, etc. We promote researchers' understanding of biodiversity at the molecular level through differences in microtubule proteins and modified proteins across species.
Our Advantages
Advanced Biotechnology
Customizable Designs
Competitive Pricing
Best After-sales Service
CD BioSciences has a professional team and advanced equipment, and the whole process is operated by experienced technicians to provide our customers with cytoskeleton-related research service. If you have any needs, please contact us.
Reference
- Wloga D, et al. Tubulin post-translational modifications and microtubule dynamics[J]. International journal of molecular sciences, 2017, 18(10): 2207.
For research use only. Not intended for any clinical use.
